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[COVID-19 Vaccine Basics] Quick Science Facts About the COVID-19 Vaccine—Answers to Several Questions You May Have
Time：May 14,2021
1. Are COVID-19 vaccines free for the public?
Answer: On January 9, the State Council's Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism held a press conference at the State Council Information Office to discuss recent developments in epidemic prevention and control as well as COVID-19 vaccination efforts. Li Tao, Deputy Director of the National Healthcare Security Administration, announced that, on the basis of informed consent and voluntary participation, the costs of both the COVID-19 vaccine itself and the associated vaccination services will be jointly covered by the medical insurance fund and government finances—meaning individuals will not bear any personal expenses.
2. How to book an appointment for the COVID-19 vaccine?
Answer: Currently, our province offers three appointment options. First, online booking—members of the public can make appointments via the WeChat mini-program "Healthy Heilongjiang Service Platform." Second, phone booking—individuals can call the vaccination clinic in their current residential area to schedule an appointment by phone. Finally, in-person booking is available for primary and secondary school students as well as seniors; their guardians can visit the local vaccination clinic to arrange an appointment directly.
3. Where can I get the COVID-19 vaccine?
Answer: Currently, our province adopts a localized management approach for COVID-19 vaccine administration. The public can check the vaccination centers in their current residential area using either "Baidu Maps" or "Gaode Maps," and then make an advance appointment. Once the appointment is confirmed, visitors should bring their ID cards and the phone number used for booking to the designated clinic at the scheduled time for vaccination.
4. Are COVID-19 vaccines safe?
Answer: As of the end of February, China had administered over 52 million doses of COVID-19 vaccines. Many countries have approved the use of Chinese COVID-19 vaccines, and leaders in several nations have even taken the lead in getting vaccinated—clear indicators of the safety and efficacy of China's vaccines.
5. How many types of COVID-19 vaccines are currently available in our province?
Answer: Currently, the COVID-19 vaccines used in our province include two types: the "Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine (Vero Cell)" developed by Beijing Institute of Biological Products, a subsidiary of China National Pharmaceutical Group (Sinopharm), and the "Inactivated COVID-19 Vaccine (Vero Cell)" produced by Beijing Sinovac Biotech Co., Ltd.
6. How many shots of the COVID vaccine are needed?
Answer: Currently, the COVID-19 vaccines used in our province are inactivated vaccines, all of which require two doses administered 2 to 4 weeks apart.
7. How long does it take to develop antibodies after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine?
Answer: How long it takes for antibodies to develop after vaccination depends on the immunization schedule. For the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine, a total of two doses are required, spaced 2 to 4 weeks apart. Studies show that antibodies generally start to appear as early as 7 days after the first dose. By 28 days after the second dose, the seroconversion rate for neutralizing antibodies reaches 100% across the board. Following the recommended immunization schedule—receiving both doses and waiting 28 days afterward—most people will have developed high-titer antibodies capable of effectively neutralizing the coronavirus.
8. Do I need to test for antibodies after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine?
Answer: At a press conference held on January 20 by the State Council's Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism regarding epidemic prevention and control measures around the Spring Festival, Feng Zijian, Deputy Director of China's Center for Disease Control and Prevention, stated that routine antibody testing is neither recommended nor necessary for every vaccinated individual.
Feng Zujian stated that after vaccination, the vast majority of people can develop antibodies. Current clinical study results also show that over 97% of vaccinated individuals produce neutralizing antibodies—this conclusion was drawn from standardized neutralization antibody tests conducted under clinical trial conditions. However, no vaccine can guarantee a 100% antibody response, primarily due to individual biological differences.
In fact, antibody titers aren’t the sole indicator of vaccine effectiveness. Currently, the gold standard for measuring neutralizing antibody levels after COVID-19 vaccination—due to its high detection requirements—is difficult to widely implement. Most existing testing methods rely on enzyme-linked assays or colloidal gold techniques, which differ significantly from the antibody detection methods used in clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccines. As a result, these test results don’t accurately reflect the vaccine’s protective efficacy.
9. How long do antibodies last after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine?
Answer: Currently, Phase I and Phase II clinical trial participants are still under ongoing observation. Based on the data collected so far, the vaccine has demonstrated protection for at least six months—meeting the requirements set by the World Health Organization. In fact, the earliest vaccinated individuals have already been monitored for over eight months, and the results continue to show strong efficacy. As the observation period extends and more data accumulate, it’s likely that the vaccine’s protective duration will not only surpass six months but could even prove effective for an even longer timeframe in the future.
10. Can virus mutations affect vaccine effectiveness?
Answer: Viruses are among the simplest forms of life, and their replication depends on living cells. During this process, viruses can undergo mutations—most of which do not affect the virus's ability to cause disease, its sensitivity to diagnostic tests, or the effectiveness of vaccines. According to the latest information released by the World Health Organization, global monitoring of COVID-19 variants has so far found no evidence suggesting that viral mutations could render existing COVID-19 vaccines ineffective. The WHO’s Global Network of COVID-19 Laboratories includes a dedicated SARS-CoV-2 Variant Evolution Working Group, which is actively and swiftly identifying new viral mutations and assessing their potential implications. This ongoing effort will also provide critical early warnings and scientific insights to guide the development and deployment of future vaccines.
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